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Software testing is the most common way of executing a program determined to track down the blunder. Our software needs to be error-free in order to perform well. The software will be free of all errors if the testing is successful.

7 Principles of Software Testing

There are seven principles of software testing as below:

• Testing shows the presence of defects
• Exhaustive testing is not possible
• Early testing
• Defect clustering
• Pesticide paradox
• Testing is context-dependent
• Absence of errors fallacy
• Principles of Software Testing

1) Testing shows the presence of defects

The application will be tested by the test engineer to ensure that there are no bugs or defects. During testing, we can only determine whether the software or application contains any errors. The majority of testing should be able to be traced back to the customer’s requirements, which means finding any flaws that might prevent the product from meeting the customer’s needs. This is the primary goal of testing, which uses a variety of methods and testing techniques to count the number of unknown bugs.

We can reduce the number of bugs in any application by testing it. However, this does not guarantee that the application is free of defects; software may appear bug-free after multiple types of testing. However, if the end-user encounters bugs that were not discovered during the testing process, they will be fixed at the time of deployment on the production server.

2) Exhaustive Testing is not possible

During the actual testing process, it sometimes appears to be very difficult to test all the modules and their features with effective and ineffective combinations of the input data.

As a result, rather than carrying out extensive testing, which necessitates endless calculations and results in failure for the majority of the effort, Because the product timelines prevent us from carrying out such testing scenarios, we are able to complete these variations based on the importance of the modules.

On-demand software testing pricing

3) Early Testing

In this context, “early testing” refers to all testing activities that should begin in the “requirement analysis stage” of the software development life cycle in order to find defects. This is because if we find bugs early enough, they can be fixed right away, which may save us a lot of money over bugs that are found later in the testing process.

We will need the documents for the requirement specification in order to carry out testing; Therefore, rather than addressing the issue at a later stage, such as the development phase, if the requirements are incorrectly defined, they can be addressed immediately.

4) Defect clustering

During the testing process, we can identify the number of bugs that are correlated to a small number of modules using defect clustering. This is due to a number of factors, including the modules’ potential complexity; The coding might be hard, and so on.

The Pareto Principle, states that we are able to identify that approximately, will apply to these kinds of software or applications. Twenty percent of the modules contain eighty percent of the complications. We can find the uncertain modules with this, but if the same tests are running on a regular basis, this method can be difficult, and the same test won’t be able to find new defects.

5) Pesticide paradox

This principle stated that the software or application will not be able to detect new bugs if the same set of test cases is run repeatedly over a predetermined period of time. It is critical to frequently review all test cases in order to overcome these pesticide paradoxes. Additionally, new and distinct tests must be written for the implementation of multiple software or application components to aid in the discovery of additional bugs.

6) Testing is context-dependent

According to the context-dependent principle of testing, there are a variety of market sectors, including commercial websites, e-commerce websites, and so forth. Because each application has its own requirements, features, and functionality, there is a certain method for testing commercial and e-commerce websites. To check this sort of use, we will take the assistance of different sorts of testing, different procedure, approaches, and various strategies. As a result, the application’s context determines the testing.

Functional vs non-functional testing

7) Absence of errors fallacy

We can say that the application is 99 percent bug-free once it has been tested thoroughly and no bugs have been found before it is released. However, there is a possibility that if the application is tested alongside the incorrect requirements, flaws will be discovered, and they will need to be fixed within a certain time frame. This is because the testing is done on the incorrect specification, which does not correspond to the client’s requirements. According to the absence of error fallacy, if the application is impractical and unable to fulfil the requirements and needs of the client, then identifying and fixing bugs would not be helpful.

In today’s competitive world, testing is critical to the success of any software product. Manual tests are important in software development because they can be used in situations where automated testing isn’t possible. This Blog about Manual Testing Interview Questions will help you learn software testing.

With this thorough list of over 120 manual testing interview questions and answers, you’ll be ready for your software testing interviews. These manual testing interview questions are appropriate for both fresher and experienced candidates.

Let’s start by going through some of the most common Manual Testing Interview Questions.

16) What are the advantages of manual testing?

• Manual testing is cheaper as compared to automation testing.
• Point of view of an end-user, product analysis is possible only in manual testing.
• Using manual testing you can also be done GUI testing accurately because using automation difficult to test visual accessibility and preferences.
• Manual testing is used where the test script is not repeated and reused more times and mainly for short-term projects.
• Manual testing is best at an early stage of development.

17) What are the drawbacks of manual testing?

• Some types of testing are not possible to do manually like load testing, performance testing, etc.
• Sometimes testing is more time-consuming than manual testing like regression testing.
• Manual testing has a limited scope as compared to automation testing.
• For long-term projects, manual testing is very expensive.

18) What’s the role of documentation in Manual Testing?

Documentation plays an important role in achieving good software testing. In the documentation, we are including details like project requirements and specifications, designs, basic business rules, inspection reports, configurations, test planning, test cases, bug reporting, user manual, etc.

Using test cases documentation will easy to estimate the testing efforts that will need to spend with test tracking and tracing requirements. Some of the applied documentation associated with software testing are listed below:

• Test Plan
• Test Scenario
• Test Case
• Traceability Matrix

19)What makes a good test engineer?

A software test engineer is any professional who ensures that the product meets all the expectations and requirements. A software test engineer creates a process for testing a particular product.

• A good tester should easily understand the priority of the task and should have the ability to take the requirements of the customer.
• A good test engineer should have the ability to assert his ideas to maintain a cooperative relationship with developers Tester has the ability to communicate which he can report a bug for negative things positively with developers as well as with customers and management people also.
• Ability to take a risk whenever they need to make important decisions

20) What is the test harness?

A test harness is the cluster of software and test information. Into the test harness test a program unit by running it in a different environment like pressure, load, data-driven, and observing its behavior, reaction, and outcomes. Test Harness is mainly divided into two parts:

• A Test Execution Engine
• Test script repository

21) What is test closure?

Test closure is a document that has a summary of all test cases which is made during the software development life cycle. Test closure has also detail about the analysis and remove bugs and errors found. Test closure also contains a report of executed test cases, total no. of open bugs, total no. of rejected bugs.

22) Do you know, the difference between Positive and Negative Testing?

Positive Testing	Negative Testing
Positive testing ensures that the application working as an expected result, if not then the test is fails	Negative testing ensures that the application can handle the input or unwanted user behaviour.
In this testing, the tester tests the application with a valid set of data.	In this testing, tester test the application with an invalid set of data and check their creativity and validation against invalid data.

23) Define what is a critical bug.

A critical bug is a bug that is the impacts a major functionality of the given application. This means affecting a large area of the functionality or breaking any functionality and there is no other method to overcome this problem. The application cannot be delivered to the end-user unless the critical bug is fixed.

24) What is the pesticide paradox? How to overcome it?

Based on the pesticide paradox, if the same tests are carried out again and again then the outcome of these test cases are the same, so for the same test cases tester is not able to find new bugs. Developers will be extra careful in those parts where the tester found more bugs and might not look into the other areas.

Below describe Methods to prevent pesticide paradox are following:

• Write a whole new different set of test cases continually to exercise different parts of the software.
• On daily basis review the existing test cases and add new test cases to them.

Using these above methods, it is possible that we can find more bugs in the segment where bug numbers are dropped.

25) What is Defect Cascading in Software Testing?

Defect Cascading is the action of triggering other defects in the application. During testing, while defects go unnoticed then other defects are invoked. As an outcome, a greater number of defects crop up in the later stage of development. If defect cascading continues then impact on other components of the application and determining the affected component becomes more difficult. You can make different test cases for resolving this issue but it is very difficult and time-consuming.

26) What is the term ‘quality’ mean when testing?

Quality software is defect-free, delivered on time and within budget, meets conditions and expectations, and is maintainable. Still ‘Quality’ is a personal term. Quality will depend on who the ‘customer’ is and their overall influence in the scheme of things. The accounting department might define quality in terms of earnings while an end-user might describe quality as user-supportive and defect-free.

27) What is black box testing, and what are the various techniques?

Black Box testing also known as specification-based testing, analyses the functionality of the software without knowing about the internal structure of the application. The goal of this testing is to check the whole workflow of the system is works correctly and meets user demands. Various black box testing techniques are listed below:

• Equivalence Partitioning
• Boundary Value Analysis
• Decision Table Based Technique
• Cause-effect Graphing
• Use Case Testing

28) What is white box testing, and what are the various techniques?

White-box testing is also known as structure-based testing, for white box testing requires knowledge of the internal structure of the application. The purpose of this testing is to improve design and usability, check the flow of input/outputs, enhance security. Below are the various kind of white box testing techniques:

• Statement Coverage
• Decision Coverage
• Condition Coverage
• Multiple Condition Coverage

29) What are the Experience-based testing techniques?

Experienced-based testing is all about finding, research, and learning. The tester continuously studies and analyses the product and accordingly applies his skills, trick, and experience to develop test strategies and test cases to perform necessary testing. Various experience-based testing techniques are:

• Exploratory testing
• Error Guessing

30) What is a top-down and bottom-up approach to testing?

Top-Down – Testing occurs from top to bottom. This is, high-level modules are tested first and after that low-level modules. Lastly, the low-level modules are integrated into a high-level state to guarantee the framework is working as it is expected to.

Bottom-Up – Testing occurs from base levels to high-up levels. The lowest level modules are tested first and thereafter high-level state modules. Lastly, the high-level state modules are corresponded to a low level to guarantee the framework is filling in as it has been proposed to.

In today’s competitive world, testing is critical to the success of any software product. Manual tests are important in software development because they can be used in situations where automated testing isn’t possible. This Blog about Manual Testing Interview Questions will help you learn software testing.

With this thorough list of over 120 manual testing interview questions and answers, you’ll be ready for your software testing interviews. These manual testing interview questions are appropriate for both fresher and experienced candidates.

Let’s start by going through some of the most common Manual Testing Interview Questions.

120+ Manual Testing Interview Questions:

Below are the 120+ manual testing interview questions and answers:

1) What is Software Testing?

Software testing is a process to test whether the actual product is matched with an expected requirement or not and if getting an issue then it could be resolved before the released product to the market and at last ensure that product is bug-free.

2) What is manual testing?

Manual testing is a type of testing that involves the validation of the requirements of the application by executing a predefined set of test cases manually without the use of any automation tool.

3) Why is Software Testing Required?

Software testing is a process that verifies the product is secure and good enough to be released to the market. The reason for software testing is to find defects, errors, and unmatched or missing requirements compared to the actual requirement.

• It points out the bug and error which is made during the development.
• If identify issues at the starting stage of development, then we can reduce the coding cycles.
• Ensure that product is defect-free, and the product meets the market standard.
• Make sure that the application doesn’t result in any failures.

4) What are the two main categories of software testing?

Software testing is a vast domain, but it can be categorized into two types, such as:

• Manual Testing– Manual testing is the oldest type of software testing where the tester executes all test cases without using any tools, mean-tested whole application manually by QA testers.
• Automation Testing– Automation Testing is the process of executing repeating predefined test cases using an automation testing tool. The main focus of automation testing is replacing manual activity with automated test cases

5) Do you know the difference between quality control and quality assurance?

Quality Control	Quality Assurance
Quality Control is a product-based approach of running a program to define if the application has any defect, as well as make sure software fulfils all the requirements.	Quality assurance is a process-oriented approach that focuses on making sure that the methods, techniques used to make quality deliverables are applied correctly.
QA means planning for doing any testing process.	QC means doing action for executing the planned process.
QA does not involve executing the test cases.	QC is always involved in executing the test cases.
QA is the technique of handling the quality of the application.	QC is a method to verify the quality of software

6) What is quality control? Is it similar to Quality Assurance?

Quality control is a product-based strategy of running a program to define if it has any defect, as well as create sure software fulfils all requirements with end-user.

So, Quality control is not similar to Quality assurance, Quality assurance is a process-oriented approach. It is focused only on process, methods, and techniques which is used to create quality deliverables that are applied correctly.

7) What different types of manual testing are there?

Manual testing is divided into different types, which are listed below:

• Acceptance Testing
• System Testing
• Black Box Testing
• White Box Testing
• Unit Testing
• Integration Testing

8) Explain the difference between alpha testing and beta testing.

Alpha and beta both testing types are types of user acceptance testing. Find the brief description of alpha vs beta testing here.

• Alpha Testing – Alpha testing is a process that is performed before realizing the product to identify a bug.
• Beta Testing – Beta testing is a process that is performed by the end-user after realizing the product.

9) What are the different levels of manual testing?

We have different 4 levels of manual testing, which is described below:

• Unit testing – Unit testing is testing where we test separate units or the smallest pieces of source code. The goal of unit testing is to separate all parts and show that all parts are worked without any defect.
• Integration Testing – It is a type of testing where individual units are combined and tested there is no bug after integrating the separate units.
• System Testing – System testing is defined as the testing of the whole integrated product. System testing is black-box testing, and it is performed in the form of a functional requirement specification.
• User Acceptance Testing – User acceptance testing is a final level of testing, UAT is performed by the end-user or client. In UAT testing verify that software or product is ready to be released or not into the real world.

10) What is a test in manual testing?

The tested environment is used for application testing; we can test hardware as well as software programs also. The test consists of hardware, network configuration, software, and other related software.

11) Explain the procedure for manual testing.

In The manual testing process, follow the below steps:

• Project Planning and Control
• Project Design
• Test case Execution
• Evaluating exit criteria and Reporting
• Test Closure activities

12) What is the test case?

One type of document that has a set of conditions that is performed on the particular application in order to verify the expected result of the feature is called a test case.

Test case documents include test steps, preconditions, postconditions, test data, and verification requirements.

13) What is API testing?

Perform software testing API directly from their functionality, reliability, security, and performance in API testing.

The application has three separate layers:

• First is the Presentation Layer or user interface.
• The second layer is Business Layer or application user interface for business logic processing.
• The third and last layer is Database Layer for

14) Do you know the difference between verification and validation in testing?

Verification testing is done without executing the code. Verification is a static technique. Verification is coming before validation. Verification is the process where to verify the quality of the product. Verification is to reduce the chances of failure in the product.

Validation testing is including the execution of the code. Validation is dynamic testing. Validation comes after Verification. Validation is the process in which the actual requirements of the customer match with the software functionality. Validation is done after completing the development process.

15) Do you know the difference between a bug and a defect?

The tester finds fault in the software during testing it is called a bug and when a product goes to live that time developer detects the difference between the actual result and the expected result is called a defect.

The field of AI design is always changing. The potential for AI-generated designs increases as technology develops. For designers looking to produce great visuals quickly and effectively, Open AI is one of the most potent tools accessible. In this blog, we'll explore what Open AI is, the benefits of using it for design, and how to create impressive visuals with it.

What is Open AI?

The use of AI in design is rapidly taking over the entire process. AI-powered design tools are being used to generate visuals, optimize workflows, and provide real-time feedback. Another use of AI design is to produce highly targeted content and personalized experiences. AI-generated graphics may make your designs more appealing and eye-catching while also helping you stand out from the competition.

Open AI is a platform that allows designers to create quickly and efficiently visuals. Based on user input and actual facts, it generates images using artificial intelligence. It has a wide variety of features that make it easy for designers to generate stunning visuals in no time. Open AI is very adaptable and may be used to produce images for a multitude of uses. It can be used to make graphics like infographics, logos, and illustrations. Additionally, it can be used to produce visuals for websites, ads, and other purposes. It can be used to make graphics such as infographics, logos, and illustrations. Additionally, it can be used to make visuals for websites, ads, and other purposes.

Benefits of Using Open AI for Design

There are many advantages for designers in using Open AI. By automating the design process, it can assist designers in gaining more time and productivity. It can assist designers in producing graphics that are responsive to various platforms and gadgets. Designers might use Open AI to investigate fresh and creative concepts rather than sticking to the same strategies. Designers can become more creative problem solvers, as they can take a step back and conceive ideas rather than constantly dealing with the specifics of the design. A design team's communication and cooperation can be enhanced. Designers can continue to invent and develop a product in record time by precisely and quickly exchanging ideas and comments. The team can become more cohesive and make sure that everyone is working toward the same goals at all times.

How to Create Impressive Visuals

Creating impressive visuals with Open AI is easy and straightforward. Designers must first choose the visuals they want to use before entering the essential information into the Open AI platform to create graphics. Open AI will produce visualisations once the data has been entered based on the user's preferences and actual data. After then, the created images can be altered and improved to achieve the desired result. Additionally, Open AI can be utilised to create original visuals.

AI in Design Software

AI-powered design software can help designers automate mundane tasks such as researching, organizing, and scheduling. AI-powered design software can also help designers create visuals that are tailored to their target audience and are optimized for different platforms and devices. Design software such as Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator are increasingly incorporating AI into their design tools. For example, Adobe Photoshop has incorporated AI-powered features such as content-aware fill and auto-tagging. Adobe Illustrator has also incorporated AI-powered features such as auto-fill and auto-correct.

Paystack is the most popular payment gateway in Africa. Paystack has supported ZAR currencies.

It’s very simple to implement in your laravel application

Install package

 composer require unicodeveloper/laravel-paystack

Once Laravel Paystack is installed, you need to register the service provider. Open up config/app.php and add the following to the providers key.

 'providers' => [
     ...
     Unicodeveloper\Paystack\PaystackServiceProvider::class,
     ...
 ]

Register the Facade

 'aliases' => [
     ...
     'Paystack' => 
 Unicodeveloper\Paystack\Facades\Paystack::class,
     ...
 ]

Note: Make sure you have /payment/callback registered in Paystack Dashboard https://dashboard.paystack.co/#/settings/developer

Set Paystack credentials into config/paystack.php

 return [

    /**
     * Public Key From Paystack Dashboard
     */
    'publicKey' => 'PAYSTACK KEY',

    /**
     * Secret Key From Paystack Dashboard
     */
    'secretKey' => 'PAYSTACK SECRET KEY',

    /**
     * Paystack Payment URL
     */
    'paymentUrl' => 'https://api.paystack.co',

    /**
     * Optional email address of the merchant
     */
    'merchantEmail' => 'EMAIL ADDRESS',

 ];

Configure the route. Enter the code in your web.php file in the route directory

 //Paystack Route
 Route::get('paystack-onboard', [PaystackController::class, 'redirectToGateway'])->name('paystack.init');
 Route::get('paystack-payment-success',
    [PaystackController::class, 'handleGatewayCallback'])->name('paystack.success');

Then after create one controller PaystackController.php

 public function redirectToGateway(Request  $request)
     {
         try{
             $request->request->add([
                 "email"              => "Your email address",
                 "orderID"              => "123456", // anything 
                 "amount"              => 150 * 100,
                 "quantity"              => 1,                 "currency"              => "ZAR", // change as per need
                 "reference"              => Paystack::genTranxRef(),
                 "metadata"              => json_encode(['key_name' => 'value']), // this should be related data
             ]);

             return Paystack::getAuthorizationUrl()->redirectNow();
         }catch(\Exception $e) {
             return Redirect::back()->withMessage(['msg'=>'The paystack token has expired. Please refresh the page and try again.', 'type'=>'error']);
         }
     }

    public function handleGatewayCallback(Request  $request)
     {
         $paymentDetails = Paystack::getPaymentData();

 dd($paymentDetails);
 }

That's it. Enjoy.

1) What is Biometric? -> Authenticate by using biometric data, and perform cryptographic operations

• Declaring dependencies -> Add the dependencies for the artifacts you need in the build.gradle file for your app or module:

  dependencies {

   // Java language implementation
  implementation "androidx.biometric:biometric:1.1.0"
  
  // Kotlin
  implementation "androidx.biometric:biometric-ktx:1.2.0- 
   alpha05"

  }

2) How to show a biometric authentication dialog?

-> Implementing biometric authentication, such as face recognition or fingerprint recognition, is one way to safeguard sensitive information or premium content within your app. This guide will show you how to support biometric login processes in your app.

• Declare the strong authentication that your app supports. -> To define the types of authentication that your app supports, use the BiometricManager.Authenticators interface. The system lets you declare the following types of authentication:

1. BIOMETRIC_STRONG
2. BIOMETRIC_WEAK
3. DEVICE_CREDENTIAL : (Authentication using a screen lock credential – the user's PIN, pattern, or password.)

• Pass an authentication type or a bitwise mixture of types into the setAllowedAuthenticators() function to define the forms of biometric authentication that your app permits. The code snippet below illustrates how to implement authentication using a Class 3 biometric or a screen lock credential :

   promptInfo = new 
     BiometricPrompt.PromptInfo.Builder()
     .setTitle("Biometric login for my app")
     .setSubtitle("Log in using your biometric 
    credential")
    .setAllowedAuthenticators(BIOMETRIC_STRONG | 
     DEVICE_CREDENTIAL)
   .build();

• Check that biometric authentication is available

   BiometricManager biometricManager = BiometricManager.from(this);

  switch (biometricManager.canAuthenticate(BIOMETRIC_STRONG | DEVICE_CREDENTIAL)) { case BiometricManager.BIOMETRIC_SUCCESS: Log.d("MY_APP_TAG", "App can authenticate using biometrics."); break; case BiometricManager.BIOMETRIC_ERROR_NO_HARDWARE: Log.e("MY_APP_TAG", "No biometric features available on this device."); break; case BiometricManager.BIOMETRIC_ERROR_HW_UNAVAILABLE: Log.e("MY_APP_TAG", "Biometric features are currently unavailable."); break; case BiometricManager.BIOMETRIC_ERROR_NONE_ENROLLED: // Prompts the user to create credentials that your app accepts. final Intent enrollIntent = new Intent(Settings.ACTION_BIOMETRIC_ENROLL); enrollIntent.putExtra(Settings.EXTRA_BIOMETRIC_AUTHENTICATORS_ALLOWED, BIOMETRIC_STRONG | DEVICE_CREDENTIAL); startActivityForResult(enrollIntent, REQUEST_CODE); break; }

• Complete the following steps to add biometric authentication to your app using the Biometric library:

1). Include a link to the androidx.biometric library as a dependency in the build.gradle file for your app module.

2). Using the logic in the following code snippet, display the biometric login dialog in the activity or fragment that hosts it:

   private Executor executor;
   private BiometricPrompt biometricPrompt;
  private BiometricPrompt.PromptInfo promptInfo;

@Override
 protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
     setContentView(R.layout.activity_login);
    executor = ContextCompat.getMainExecutor(this);
    biometricPrompt = new 
 BiometricPrompt(MainActivity.this,
        executor, new 
  BiometricPrompt.AuthenticationCallback() {
    @Override
    public void onAuthenticationError(int errorCode,
            @NonNull CharSequence errString) {
        super.onAuthenticationError(errorCode, errString);
        Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),
            "Authentication error: " + errString, 
      Toast.LENGTH_SHORT)
            .show();
       }

     @Override
      public void onAuthenticationSucceeded(
            @NonNull BiometricPrompt.AuthenticationResult 
       result) {
        super.onAuthenticationSucceeded(result);
        Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),
            "Authentication succeeded!", 
       Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
    }

    @Override
    public void onAuthenticationFailed() {
        super.onAuthenticationFailed();
        Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), 
    "Authentication failed",
            Toast.LENGTH_SHORT)
            .show();
       }
     });

     promptInfo = new BiometricPrompt.PromptInfo.Builder()
        .setTitle("Biometric login for my app")
        .setSubtitle("Log in using your biometric 
   credential")
        .setNegativeButtonText("Use account password")
        .build();

   // Prompt appears when user clicks "Log in".
   // Consider integrating with the keystore to unlock 
  cryptographic operations,
   // if needed by your app.
    Button biometricLoginButton = 
  findViewById(R.id.biometric_login);
   biometricLoginButton.setOnClickListener(view -> {
        biometricPrompt.authenticate(promptInfo);
   });
     }

I am personally really excited about Laravel 10, are you also excited :) ?. the expected release date for Laravel 10 is 7th February 2023.

In this tutorial, we are going to cover new features and changes from Laravel 10.

Release Date

Laravel 10 will be released by 7th February 2023 and below is a list of annual release dates.

• Laravel 9: February 8th, 2022
• Laravel 10: February 7th, 2023
• Laravel 11: February 6th, 2024

Drop Support for PHP 8.0

Laravel 10 dropping support for PHP <= 8.0, the minimum requirement to run Laravel 10 is PHP 8.1

Deprecations from Laravel 9

In Laravel 10 some of Laravel 9 methods will be deprecated, here is the list.

• Remove various deprecations
• Remove deprecated dates property
• Remove handleDeprecation method
• Remove deprecated assertTimesSent method
• Remove deprecated ScheduleListCommand's $defaultName property
• Remove deprecated Route::home method
• Remove deprecated dispatchNow functionality

Native type declarations in Laravel 10 skeleton

In Laravel 10 the code userland generated by framework will contain the type-hints and return types.

Types will be added into latest PHP type-hinting features to Laravel projects without breaking backward compatibility at the framework level:

• Return types
• Method arguments
• Redundant annotations are removed where possible
• Allow user land types in closure arguments
• Does not include typed properties

Any Many more

Hope that will be usefull.

Improving the performance of your website can have a significant impact on its success. A fast-loading website not only provides a better user experience but can also improve your search engine rankings and increase conversions. Here are some tips for improving the performance of your website:

Use a content delivery network (CDN)

A CDN stores copies of your website's static assets (such as images and CSS files) on servers located around the world. When a user accesses your website, the CDN will serve the content from the server closest to their location, which can significantly reduce loading times.

Optimize images

Large images can significantly slow down your website. Make sure to optimize your images by compressing them and using the appropriate file format (such as JPEG for photographs and PNG for graphics with transparent backgrounds).

Enable browser caching

Browser caching allows a user's browser to store some aspects of your website locally, so they don't have to be downloaded every time they visit your site. This can significantly reduce loading times for repeat visitors.

Minimize HTTP requests

Each time a user's browser requests a resource (such as an image or stylesheet) from your website, it creates an HTTP request. Minimizing the number of HTTP requests can improve your website's performance.

Use a lightweight theme

If you're using a content management system (CMS) like WordPress, choose a lightweight theme that is optimized for performance.

Optimize your website's code

Make sure your website's code is clean and well-organized. This can help reduce the size of your HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files, which can improve your website's loading times.

By following these tips, you can significantly improve the performance of your website and provide a better experience for your users.